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EURASIAN LEXICON PART TWO, Post three, by Pasi K Pohjala January 2018 Chinese word TENG notice cane, rattan and branches. It is notable that this closely resembles Old English word TELGUM that in Old English notices branches. We find that in Old English is TELGOR word for a plant, or a shoot; and TELGRA is word for branch, or a shoot, and TELGIAN is to flourish (Bosworth). Notably, usual Finnish word TANKO also is similar; it means various sticks and wooden branches, too; and old Greek word THALLOS is for young shoots, young branches (Liddell Scott). Importantly, FICK Indogermanisches Wb notices DULDAN for treetops, notices OHG word TOLDO and suggests “zu ig. DHEL?” Here appears particularly clear and unmistakable parallel of Old English TELGUM with Chinese TENG word, both meaning twigs and branches. In important Old English dialogue of Solomon and Saturn, we find interesting mention of TELGUM, namely that (progressing old age, YLDO) BEAM HER ABREOTED OND BEBRICED TELGUM ASTYRED STANDENDNE STEFN ON SIDE Thus is noticed how progressing old age YLDO, also breaks sticks and branches. This is actually interesting sentence for early history of Old English, namely here is mentioned BEAM sticks, word that yet appears well recognisable for twenty-first century English speakers; compared with TELGUM that in Old English was yet recognised to mean sticks and branches, but for modern readers has seriously faded into oblivion, actually in all Western Teutonic languages. Actually we find that Old English dialogue of Solomon and Saturn in this manner compares quite many Old English words, presenting numerous word pairs one of which is word yet well recognisable and the other is merely peculiarly obscure Old English word. This feature makes parts of dialogue of Solomon and Saturn actually interesting compendium of serious attempts to revivify and memorise older terminology apparently in times when new important vocabulary was becoming more widely known; we are to find here yet many other statements there written in this schema. In Lindisfarne Gospel translation, the TELGUM only seldom occurs- also this attesting the somewhat archaic character of TELGUM in those times (see Concordance of Albert Cook); the TELGUM is in Lindisfarne translations found in the parable of mustard seed that grew to huge tree in synoptic gospels, thus in Mark 4:32 and Luke 13:19 that TELGUM notices the branches of that huge tree. Also is such word in Lindisfarne translations of Matt 24:32 and Mark 11:8 written, for sticks and tree branches. Thus it is truly notable that in Lindisfarne translations is the TWIGGE word far more usual rendering for RAMUS (see Concordance of Albert Cook)- and apparently, is TWIGGE yet for modern readers quite understandable via usual English TWIG word- although, the TELGUM appears indeed archaic and enigmatic Old English word. Close reading of translation in Lindisfarne Gospels especially emphasise the more archaic nature of its language, writing in Luke 13:19 rendering of that huge tree grown from mustard seed that FLEGENDO HEOFNES GEHRAESTON ON TELGUM HIS thus noticing that birds rested on the branches of that tree (and similarly renders Old English Rushworth Gospel FLEGENDE HEOFNES GI-RESTUN ON TELGUM HIS). Notably, many other Old English Gospel translations here use other word stating HEOFENE FUGELES RESTEN ON HIS BOGEN, that yet is comprehensible also for modern readers) (see the Gospel synopsis for Luke, of W. W. Skeat). This also emphasises the archaic nature of that TELGUM word in Old English- and emphasises its notable similarity with Chinese TENG word. Chinese word TIE notices generally iron, and TIEBAN more specifically notices iron slabs. Thus we compare with Old English word STEAPA that notices steadiness and being firmly fixed. Skeat’s Etymological Dictionary, notices here a staff, and German STAB and Russian STOBORU finding Indogermanic root STEBH; similarly FICK Indogermanisches Wb for STAB steif, fest sein, thus STABA, Stab and notices Anglo Saxon Staef (Stutze, Stab); also notices MHG STABEN starr, staf werden and Indogerman Wurzel STEBH. Similarity with Chinese TIEBAN is here apparent. Iron production was in China very old industry, especially cast iron, whereas in many regions were iron products with hammering on anvil produced by smiths. Such iron staffs and slabs thus are, actually, notorious proceedings of Chinese ancient production of cast iron products, and thus is this terminology especially noteworthy. In Old English Cotton manuscript Gnomes so is found GIM SCEAL ON RINGE STANDAN STEAP AND GEAP It is notable that thus is characters of a metal product, a ring, described, especially there inserted gemstone. Also, dialogues of Solomon and Saturn so write of a gemstone GIM saying NE MAEG HIT STEORRA NE STAN NE SE STEAPA GIMM, WAETER NE WILDEOR WIHTE BESWICAN In Chinese, is word CHUAN one word for boats. Importantly, FICK Indogermanisches Wb notices KEULA for ships, in Anglo Saxon appearing in CEOL form; also Greek GAULOS word for ships is recognised. Indeed, in Anglo Saxon is CEOL word for boat, ship and the keel of a ship (Bosworth), also finding Danish KIOL, Swedish KOL and OHGerman KELA. It is also worth mentioning that Finnish KOUSA notices some smaller boats, too; and in Finnish vocabulary the KEULA rather notices front part of ship. In Exeter Book gnomes, is written how Frisian wife welcomes her sailor from seas to harbour and to home, stating LEOF WILCUMA FRYSAN WIFE DONNE FLOTA STONDED BID HIS CEOL CUMEN AND HYRE CEORL TO HAM AGEN AETGEOFA AND HEO HINE IN LADAD WAESCED HIS WARIG HRAEGL AND HIM SYLED WAEDE NIWE This lively episode from Frisian coastal life is of much importance for culture of Exeter Book. And in Cotton Gnomes, is stated of ship construction that MAEST SCEAL ON CEOLE SEGELGYRD SEOMIAN Notably, in Lindisfarne Gospels Old English translations is CEAWL word rather occurring noticing containers and baskets (see Concordance of Albert Cook), thus is CEAWL written in: Matt 14:20 15:37 16:9 and Mark 6:43 8:8, 20 and Luke 9:17. This word notices also those baskets full of bread gathered after the miracle of loaves of bread and fishes (Mark 8 and parallels Matt 14 and more discussions of that event in Gospels). Scrutiny of Lindisfarne translation in Luke 9 emphasises the more archaic nature of this term in Old English, namely, Lindisfarne translation notices with CEAOLAS TUOELFO the twelve full baskets of bread there gathered, also Rushworth translation thus CEOFLAS TWELFE. But the other Old English Gospel translations in Synopsis of W. W. Skeat, notice those bread baskets otherwise, namely with TWELF KYPAN word. Indeed, really often are Lindisfarne translations rendered in quite other words than later become usual in Old English Gospel translations, and this is feature indeed interesting for language history. We also notice that ship words are in Lindisfarne Gospels written for noticing sea going vessels and boats. One prominent episode noticing boats, is of course the episode of calling of Simon; and the Lindisfarne translation renders that episode with ship words, similarly with other Old English Gospels noticed in Skeat’s Gospel Synopsis of Luke, writing thus HE GESEAH TWA SCIPU STANDENDE WID DAENE MERE (Luke 5:2, of MS I of Synopsis) and similarly are SCYP SCIPU Old English words in these renderings written in Luke 5, so also in the Lindisfarne translation. Thinking activity is interestingly noticed in Cotton Gnomes in statement that: A SCEAL SNOTOR HYCGEAN YMB DYSSE WORULD GEWINN Here is noticed a wise man SNOTOR and his thinking of his well-doing in this world. We find here the Anglo Saxon HOGIAN HYGAN noticing thinking- modern English word indeed being here also similar. This is usual Teutonic word, German noticing denken (and er dunkt mir dass…) and Swedish form tanka. Also Russian DUMAT (to think) appears similar; and in Chinese language we find especially word HUAN for dreams, for imaginary. Also, we notice that in Lindisfarne Gospel translations, the HYCGAN does occur, but more in rendering for omittere, negligere, condemnare (see Concordance Albert Cook); thus the HYCGAN occurring in Luke 11:42, 16:13 and Mat 6:24, 15:3, 20:11, 22:5; in John 5:45, 7:12 and in many other statements. The following is written in the first part of this Eurasian Lexicon: Chinese word ZHAN notices to practise divination, and inquiries (also ZHAO for look for and try to find); notably similar is Russian ZNAT verb for knowing. Anglo-Saxon SNYTTRO is for knowing, and also in Anglo-Saxon are CUNNAN and CANN word for knowing (see Bosworth); and in German is usual verb kennen and kannte. In the Gnomes of Exeter Book we find mention that HYGE SCEAL GEHEALDEN HOND GEWEALDEN SEO SCEAL IN EAGAN SNYTTRO IN BREOSTUM DAER BID DAES MONNES MODGEDONCAS also here is presented the vocabulary of HYCGAN, SNYTTRO and thoughts. One notable difference in vocabulary of Old English Gospel translations is in words noticing thoughts and thinking. We are in this article limiting research only to the Chapters of Luke 5 and Luke 6, and also in these writings such notorious differences clearly are present. The Anglo Saxon word SMEAGAN or SMEAN means to consider, discuss, to ponder (Bosworth & Toller) and form GESMEAGAN more notices to search, consider (Bosworth &Toller). Actually, we find clear comparisons in Teutonic languages, namely in English to mean, meaning, Swedish mena, mening, and German meinen, Meinung. It is truly notable feature of the Lindisfarne translation of Luke 5 and Luke 6 (and of much else) that there is this SMEAGAN really usually written for translating such activities of considering, discussing, pondering and else; and similarly consequently the other translations of Skeat’s Synopsis in such translations write DENCAN (and, importantly, not that SMEAGAN). This is one notorious clear difference in these Old English Gospel translations. Here we in detail study translations of Luke 5 and Luke 6 and thus notice LIN Luke 5:21 ONGUNNUN GESMEAGE WUDUTO, and the others write AGUNNON DENCAN DA BOCERAS (in another chapter of the present article is in more detail scrutinised that translation of scribes with BOCERAS or WUDUTO). The following 5:22 continues DTE ONGAETT SE HAELEND SMAUNGA HIORA…HUAED SMEAS GIE in Lindisfarne, and in others DA SE HAELEND GECNEOW HYRA GEDANCAS…HWAET DENCEGE. In dialogue of Solomon and Saturn, we find mention that AC HIM ON HAND GAED HEARDES OND HNESCES MICLES, MAETES Here is contrasted with HEARD the HNESCE that is usually meaning soft in Anglo Saxon. This is one manifestation of the style of parts of dialogue of Solomon and Saturn, that presents pair of words where one is word quite recognisable also to modern Teutonic languages speaker; but the other word, is far less recognisable. Parts of this dialogue of Solomon and Saturn appear almost a mnemonic poem for keeping remembering such more distant terminology. Here is the more enigmatic word that HNESCE, and in Anglo Saxon it means something soft. Notoriously, in Chinese we find word NEN for tender and delicate, thus clearly in same meaning with this Anglo Saxon HNESCE. This is interesting detail of language history. Also in Lindisfarne translation, is such HNESC written for translating mollis and tener, rarely in Matthew, and now we better notice the Luke 7:25. The Lindisfarne translation and also the others in Skeat’s Synopsis write this for noticing quality of clothes stating MONNO HNESCUM GEWOEDUM GEGEARUAD (thus LIN)- “But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft garments?” (KJV) in translating the response to followers of John the Baptist. The HNESCE is written also in Lindisfarne translation of Matt 11:8 synoptic parallel to this. Notoriously, the HNESC is here softness of clothes especially, well relevant also for Chinese NEN. Here it is worth remembering that silk and clithes were one important part of Chinese culture known far in the west too. Here written MICLES, MAETES is also interesting. Namely, Old English MAETE word notices often small, it notices measures, degrees and ranks, and proportions (see Bosworth &Toller) and similarly OHGerman SMAHI for small, and Swedish sma word. Also Russian MALENKI word is for small. FICK Indogermanisches Wb notices SMEHA and SMEHIA gering klein and Indogermanic SMEK SMAK. The Chinese MANG notices much. Notoriously, Swedish manga is for many and very resembling Russian MNOGA (many) and Finnish MONTA MONI MONTAKO; also the English MANY is notable here. In dialogue of Solomon and Saturn we find mention that old age also HEO OFERSTIGED STYLE HIO ABITED IREN MID OME In the times of Anglo Saxon societies, iron and steel metals were of central importance and in much use, of prominent importance in the society. This is interesting mention of steel and iron, and description how old age can have destructive impact even on these very strong substances, steel and iron. Here is noticed how old age can bite iron with rust. Such phenomenon is of course known, and in earlier times proceeding rust upon strong iron devices, surely was of much notice and debate. In Anglo Saxon vocabulary, OM notices rust and OMIG is for rusty (Bosworth &Toller). For mould, Skeat’s etymological dictionary notices more Teutonic MAILOM, although root unknown. Notoriously, Finnish word HOME is for mould (Finnish home word is not used at all in meanings typical to the usual English word home)- such growth upon surfaces, and upon alimentation eg. loaves of bread; and clearly is such HOME quite similar with Anglo Saxon OM for rust; in their style of appearance upon surfaces, are rust and mould actually quite resembling. Chinese WU is word for dirt and WUNI is for mud and mirth- these are clearly much resembling the OM and Fin HOME. It is to be remembered that also Chinese culture was specialist producer of metals, also iron and high quality steel products, so that these comparisons of metal culture and vocabulary, are relevant. Writing of old age

EURASIAN LEXICON PART TWO, POST TWO by Pasi K Pohjala 2018 CHAPTER TWO Some archaic words in Old English texts, compared with Chinese words Reading important Old English texts of Gnomic verses of Exeter Book, and Cotton Gnomes, and reading in Old English Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn, alerts Readers of some peculiar, apparently archaic words that appear not being clearly comparable with nowadays usual vocabulary of Teutonic languages of Europe. This proceeds with questioning what are, then, actually these words? Where are these words, then, originating? Thus the research proceeds also considering if such notorious words can be found also in some other Anglo Saxon texts- and for this stage, it appears that the Old English Lindisfarne Gospel translations notoriously often do include such notorious archaic words that, importantly, no more appear in later usual Old English Gospel translations. With this methodology, it can here be established some vocabulary that is archaic in Old English parlance, and occurring in secular texts of the Gnomes and also in early Lindisfarne translation of Gospels, and also in Solomon and Saturn dialogues that is partially of early Christian culture. Thus are we detecting numerous archaic words in Old English vocabulary attested in secular and early Christian texts; and it is thus truly notable that to such archaic Old English words are here noticed apparent parallels in Chinese language. This quite elaborates one of Gnome statement that CENE MEN GECUNDE RICE- that CENE men established state (although usual lexical rendering for such CENE men is to speak of bold men). We can promptly remind also that well known in British history are: king Cynewulf of Wessex (757-86), he was a descendant of Cerdice; also king of West Saxons Cynegils (611-643), he was only later in 635 baptised to Christianity by missionary Birinus, and this sponsored by king Oswald of Northumbria; and numerous are in southern Britain finds of 2000yrs old coins minted by king Cunobelinus; and so on. In Gnomic verses of the Exeter Book, is found ALED word, apparently meaning fire. In Chinese is word LEI for thunder, apparent similar; and well known are connected fire and thunders. Apparent parallel is English FLAME (pronounced fleim), and in Finnish language is LEIMU for fire (and also is VALKEA Finnish noun for fire), both of these Finnish words well similar with Chinese LEI for thunder. Also is Turkish GURLEMEK for thunder apparent similar, and ALEV is in Turkish word for flame. And in Greek, is LIGNUS word for smoke &flame. Bosworth renders Old English ALED with fire, and conflagration and ALAN being to kindle; but Bosworth does not here speculated of its etymology, however. FICK Indogermanisches Wb discusses HLEM, HLEMMAN, HLAMM (schallen) and Old English HLIMMAN schallen, brullen (Bosworth render for HLIMMAN to sound, roar). Thus it is interesting to notice that in Lindisfarne Gospels, the ALED word is NOT used in renderings, but the IGNIS is always with FYR rendered in Lindisfarne Gospels (so finds Concordance of Albert Cook); that Old English FYR word being similar with modern fire word. Thus it appears interesting that in Gnomes of Exeter Book, these BOTH are noticed stating, FORST SCEAL FREOSAN, FYR WUDU MELTAN…HOLEN SCEAL IN ALED. There is noticed that wooden material burns in fire. Mentioning BOTH ALED and FYR words in these Gnomes of Exeter Book is interesting, it attests of historical development of language. (We can also notice that LAD word does occur in Lindisfarne translations- but in places that are not particularly relevant for anything to do with fire, namely in Matt 10:22 and 24:9 and Luke 8:13, 16:15 and 21:17 statements). Chinese word WAN notices fine silk; China was in older times especially famous for Chinese silk, so that this vocabulary is notable; and Chinese WAITAO is word for coat. Old English word WAEDE notices human clothing, some garment, or collectively clothing (Bosworth). Also in Finnish language, is notoriously similar word VAATE, VAATETUS for clothes. Thus we notice that FICK Indogermanisches Wb writes of VED weben (weave) of Indogermanic root VEOH, and Sanskrit VAYATI. Also, FICK notices VEDI for clothes and VAD, VADIR for clothing. In Exeter gnomes, is stated that WIF SCEAL WID WER WARE GEHEALDAN OFT HI MON WOMMUM BEHLID… WAESCED HIS WARIG HRAEGEL AND HIM SYLED WAEDE NIWE where the gnomes describe how Frisian housewife welcomes her husband sailor from sailing, and washes his stained clothers and gives to him new clothes. Importantly, clothing words here appearing are that HRAEGEL and WAEDE. Writing of WAEDE word in Lindisfarne Gospels, is especial detail that points out Lindisfarne translation specifically in comparison with many other Old English Gospel translations. Thus we find in Lindisfarne Gospel rendering Luke 6:29 SEDE GENIMED DE WOEDO AEC D CYRTIL, although other old English translations (in Skeat’s Synopsis) write of REAF, stating DAN DE DIN REAF NYMD…DINE TUNECAN. This is one manifestation that vocabulary in Lindisfarne translation often is surprisingly and comprehensively different from vocabulary written in many other Old English Gospel translations. And we find similarly that Lindisfarne translation for Luke 6:36 writes of garment (vestimentum) with WOEDO, although other Old English translations there write of REAFE (Lindisfarne: ESCEAPA FROM WOEDO NIUUE ONSENDED ON GEWEDO ALD). Albert Cook in Concordance notices that WOEDE is in Lindisfarne Gospel translations usual for vestimentum in rendering all four Gospels; and Lindisfarne Gospels render that vestimentum also with words CLAD, HRAEGL, WOEDE, although CLAD is rare, written there only in Matt 9:16 and Mark 14:63, but HRAEGL is some more usual, written ten times. Chinese word LING is especially for silk, and also for other riches. In older times, silk was often accepted currency form there also. Thus it is notable that in Old English language is word WLENCO for proud and bold, and for splendid, magnificent and rich (so Bosworth). FICK Indogermanisches Wb notices LINA for LEIN, LINNEN and Old English LIN; also in Greek is LINON word for linen (and LINAIA is Greek for sails, of fabrics); interestingly also writing “Ob Germ LINA entlehnt oder mit Lat. LINUM urverwandt ist, lasst sich kaum entscheiden”. Liddell Scott renders LINON with anything made of FLAX; and it is notable that LS 895 compares Greek LINON with Old High German LIN word “the diff. of quantity is against the supp. that the word was borrowed from the Greeks”. And Bosworth writing of Old English LIN wit flax, linen, notices German LEIN. Thus it is apparently of notable importance to compare this with LING word in Chinese language; the silk being famous Chinese secret product since old times, and reached also to west along the famous silk road. One particularly forceful evidence connecting LIN in Old English especially with SILK, is Old English Rushworth Gospel translation of Mark 15:46 and Luke 23:53 where is BOHTE LIN AND HINE BIWAND IN LINE describing clothing deceased Jesus in garment of LIN material for burial- but the Greek originals, and the Latin text translated, write of SINDONE material (MERCATUS SINDONEM EUM INVOLVIT SINDONE)- that is, specifically, silk clothing. Old English thus apparently comprehended LIN being also material of SILK- and that is, specifically, the Chinese LING. In old Anglo-Saxon times in Britain, large areas of east coast of Britain south of the Humber, were areas of Lindissi; or the famous LINDSEY kingdom, famous although less known in details of life and culture (modern Lincolnshire; Doncaster, Market Rasen cf. old English RECENE word, see below). And in chapter below, scrutinising archaeological evidence of pottery styles of kilns almost 2000years old, we are to find numerous apparent evidences of elaborate YIN YANG decorated pottery from factories in the Wash area, especially along rivers Nene and Welland (often called Nene valley pottery style approximate 2000years old, where are beautiful decorations of yin yang style elaborate); we thus are finding interesting evidences for ancient British culture of east coast, between Humber and the Wash, and river system of the Wash, especially Nene river. Old English WLENCO word interestingly is written in Gnomic verses in Exeter Book, namely DRYM SCEAL MID WLENCO, DRISTE MID CENUM SCEOLUN BU RECENE BEADWE FREMMAN This writes of affluent men WLENCO, and then notably writes of CENUM men. Apparently, these CENUM notice some Chinese, known to this culture of Anglo Saxon Exeter book community; also interestingly, here also BU and RECENE are apparent similar with Chinese usual words BU and REN (people); thus here noticed that pomp is with the affluent and confidence is with the CENUM men. Word WLENCO is in Lindisfarne translations notably seldom written, occurs in Matt 13:22 for DIVITIAE. That Latin word DIVITIAE is by Lindisfarne rendered with WEALA and WLENCO, that WEALA more usual , written in Mark 4:19 and Luke 8:14 (in the parable of sower, sowing seed amongst thorns) and Luke 16:9. Chinese word YI notices medical doctors, and Chinese YILIAO notices medical treats. This Chinese word appears really similar with Old English word BILIHD that notices damages, also in figurative sense noticing defaming and dishonouring; this BILIHD is pres. form of Old English verb BEHLIGAN (see Bosworth and Grein, Sprachschatz). Now it is really notable that any somewhat resembling word actually is not in Western European languages any more recognisable. However, in Russian language we yet do find actually usual word BOLNITSA for hospitals and BOLITSA noticing being sick; apparently are these modern Russian words close parallels; in Eurasian areas this is of course quite understandable. Notoriously, we also can find in old Greek language verb IAOMAI for curing, word especially used for medical practitioners of those times- also this usual old Greek word appears quite similar with that Chinese YI and YILIAO words (the Greek noun for doctors IATROS also somehow resembles that YI, too). Actually we do well also comparing old Greek LEITOURGOS word here (of LEITH- and ERGADZOMAI), apparently is here found interesting parallel to the BILIHD, too; and generally, that old Greek LEITOURGOS notices various public servants of the POLEIS cities. Also FICK notices in Indogermanisches Worterbuch DLAIH, DLAIHAN freundlich zureden, trosten (to speak friendly and to give counselling and consolations)- this type of activity is surely one of most important activities of medical practitioners encouraging people suffering from various ailments (and such DLAIH friendly speaking and counselling, in various contexts, is centrally important in many activities of public officials, too). In Old English Gnomes of Exeter Book, this BILIHD does notably occur in stating WIDGONGEL WIF WORD GESPRINGED, OFT HY MON WOMMUM BILIHD Lindisfarne Gospel translations into Old English are apparently of much interest in these scrutinies, especially remembering that healing activities of Jesus are in Gospels actually quite prominent and oft presented traditions. For example, in Synoptic Gospels the Luke 6 presents debate of keeping Sabbath and in such, presenting event that a man with crippled hand came to synagogue during Sabbath, and Jesus did heal his hand, even if there were complaints amongst audience of Pharisees claiming thus the Sabbath commandment been broken. In this narrative, Lindisfarne Gospel translations and also others, write HAELDE (gif on symbeldaeg he haelde, Luke 6:7, also others HWAEDER HE ON RESTE-DAEG HAELDE similarly. Of course, also this word deserves comparison with Chinese YILIAO for medical treating). Also it is interesting that Chinee YI for medical doctors also quite resembles name JE-SUS (importantly, in Hebrew and Aramaic form of the name)who was, according to New Testament narratives, also quite famous for healing miracles. This similarity also gives much to ponder, too. The healing miracles of Jesus told in New Testament being numerous, also occurring vocabulary is of much interest. Another sort of vocabulary is found e.g. in translation of Luke 5:15 telling that large crowds were coming to see Jesus and WURDON GEHAELEDE FRAM HYRA UNTRUMNESSUM (thus other translations in Skeat’s Synopsis- this writes clear details pertaining to older German syntax especially that WURDON) and Lindisfarne translation here writes that WOERON GELECNED FROM UNTRYMNISSUM HIORA. Also here is Old English vocabulary notably different, and the GELECNED in Lindisfarne translation especially reminds of Nordic parlance (Lakare, Lakemedel; ), also it is notable that in Lindisfarne the passive is not expressed with WURDON that unmistakably is detail of German syntax. Chinese WEIRAO notices moving around. Also modern English speakers recognise resemblance with EARTH, that is moving around in cosmos. Importantly, history of languages presents much more detailed knowledge. Old English EOROD notices legions and troops (they were of course formations quickly moving in different positions), and EORD is Old English for the earth (Bosworth; but notably, Bosworth does not discuss etymology of these words; and Skeat Etymological Dictionary, finds Teutonic root ERTHA). FICK Indogermanisches Wb notices VERD, VERDAN for wenden, drehen and finds Indogermanic root VERT, apparently really near also to Chinese WEIRAO; and FICK notices in Sanskrit nearest word VARTATE dreht sich, geschieht. Moreover, important notices are that old Greek ERESSOO generally notices to put in quick motion; in Homeric epic that word also notices to speed by rowing; and Liddell Scott notices it coming from root ERET. Thus is Greek ERETES usually for rowers. Thus it is interesting that Gnomes of Exeter Book also write that EORL SCEAL ON MEOS BOGE, EOROD SCEAL GETRUME RIDAN This notices, apparently, EORL riding on back of horse, and style of riding of mounted troops. Chinese word TENG

Is some of Readers interested to continue with public availability of these posts of EURASIAN lexicon in publicly viewed internet? They are to be taken away from public view unless there appear interest from Readers. Support can be sent in Google pay (Google Wallet) to my account at pohjala11@googlemail.com Nowadays are electronic payments globally used everyday in billions of transactions, easily done just by one click and reliably. To remind (potential) Readers: nowadays mostly are internet articles behind a paywall. Also the British Guardian newspaper yet continues keeping their free internet access, and at the same time they are strongly campaigning for readers' contributions to continue to do so. These Articles of EURASIAN lexicon are result of much intellectual work effort continued of much time; but I haven't received from Readers any support AT ALL. If someone is interested that these articles of EURASIAN lexicon can continue in publicly available Internet, this is the time to remember that subscriptions of jstor and other sites are very costly, and printed books cost at least USD25, scholarly books usually cost some hundreds of dollars. (June 2018 amendment) EURASIAN LEXICON PART TWO post ONE EURASIAN LEXICON, Part TWO By Pasi K. Pohjala Published January 21, 2018 To Celebrate Winter Olympics 2018 at Pyeongchang, Corea To Promote Friendship and Friendly Cooperating in Eurasia. . Chapter ONE, special words for Winter: European SNOW words, and Chinese words XUE and SHUANG for snow and frost; European ICE words (JAA, ICE, YSSE…) and Chinese JIEBING for ice; Chinese HUAXUE HUABING of moving around o slippery surface ice or snow and Europen to HOP, HUPPON; Chinese ZHI sticks and the SKIS. Chapter TWO, archaic Old English (Anglo Saxon) words compared with Chinese words: Words ALED (Old English, for fire and flame) and Chinese LEI for thunder; Chinese WAN word for fine silk, and Old English WAEDE words for clothing and garments; Chinese word LING for silk, and Old English WLENCO word for riches, and affluent pomp; Chinese YI for doctors and YILIAO for medical treatments, and Old English BILIHD word for afflictions; Chinese word TENG for cane, rattan and Old English TELGUM for branches and twigs; Chinese word TIE for iron and TIEBAN for iron slabs and Old English word STEAPA stabs and steady; Chinese CHUAN word for ships and Old English CEOL KEULA word of ships; Old English SNYTTRO wise and Chinese ZHAN for divination and augury; Old English HYCGAN to think and Chinese HUAN imagination; Old English HNESCE soft, and Chinese NEN tender, delicate; Old English OM, OME for rust, and Chinese WU WUNI for mirth, mud; and Old English YLDO old age; and Chinese YU. Chapter THREE, interesting words in Old English Lindisfarne Gospel translations (examination of chapters 5 and 6 of Gospel of Luke, in Lindisfarne Gospel translation) OE BLINNAN cease, stop and Chinese BIAN limit; OE HEONISE deep sea and Chinese HAI for sea; OE HUON just little, and Chinese DUAN short, little; OE TUGON pull and Chinese TUO pull and drag; OE FYLSTAN to help and Chinese FU help; OE SLEP surprise, and Chinese ZHE ; Old English WINNAN to work, toil and Chinese WEI act, do; OE BECNAN to tell, indicate and Chinese KENDING to tell; OE CIGAN to call, shout, cry and Chinese KENDING; OE SUIDOR much, strong and Chinese ZHUI superfluous; notice of words for Sabbath day OE Symbeldag and Somnung; OE word LYCETON to murmur and Chinese LOUZI troubles; OE CEAP to do trading and commerce, and Chinese GOU to do trading; OE SOKIAN to seek follow; Chinese SHANG of various movements; OE EGE for awe, fear and Chinese FEN or FENKAI for anger; OE BYTO LASAD; OE Gospel notices specialist scribes WUDTO and Chinese WU The Five Classics, and DU words of writing; OE ONLICNISE for Gospel parables, and Chinese LIXIANG, ideals; OE GLAD happy and Chinese GAO happy; OE MORE highlands, and Chinese MO for highlands; OE DREAT for crowds and Chinese DUO REN many people; Old English usual STOU STOW for special places, towns and Chinese ZHOU for districts of administration !!, OE HREH for flood and Chinese HE for floods and streams; OE CARR for stone and Chinese GANG for hills; OE HREONISE for repentance, moral improvement and Chinese REN that is also of human moral character; OE HEHT make commandments and Chinese CHENG rules, law; OE GYMAN observe and Chinses GUAN observe; OE GETEMESED placed on show and Chinese DENGCHANG make a show; OE AHSIGE to question and Chinese SHI try, test; OE TELLAN to complain and Chinese TE words; OE presents deity NERGENDE FADER saviour and Chinese NENG powerful, capable; OE MEOTUD appellation of deity and Chinese MEIDE virtue; OE CYNREN race, kind, progeny and Chinese REN people; and OE words CYNNRECCENISE CNEORESO for generation, and Chinese REN words. Saying WEI LA WEI! And saying CENE MEN GECYNDE RICE. CHAPTER ONE Special words of Winter: Chinese word XUE is for snow and SHUANG is for frost; apparently sounding somewhat similar; and for reminding, verb to snow is XIAXUE and verb to rain is XIAYU. Apparently does the modern English word snow quite resemble these Chinese XUE and SHUANG words; and the similarity is even far more apparent in considering older usual forms in European languages. Namely, Old English word SNAW is for snow, apparent near to SHUANG and Old High German knows SNEW, apparently near to Chinese XUE. Also is near parallel the Dutch SNEEUW word; also even contemporary Russian word SNEG is near, too; Old Teutonic form was SNAIWAZ; and in Finnish language is SUOJA or SUAJA word for snowy but not too cold time. FICK (Indogermanisches Worterbuch) scrutinises SNIV (SNIGV) SNAIV schneien, es schneit, finding Indogermanic root SNINGUH and noticing Sanskrit SNIHYATI, wird nass, of wet and moisture. But it is notable that in vocabulary of colder Eurasian countries, this word is all around attested especially for snow, winter phenomenon. In Older English language, it is actually notable that Lindisfarne Gospels Matt 5:45 translates with SNIWA (to rain) in text where all other versions clearly talk of raining; this is in Lindisfarne Gospels the only occurrence of SNIWA (for Concordance by Albert Cook); and indeed, this notable detail attests of northern origins of this Lindisfarne old English translation, in regions where snowing was in those days quite usual and thus made good sense to the audience (and this cannot at all refer to Greek original where BREKHEI is written, word usual for rainfall), but choosing of SNIWA apparently made good sense to the audience of Lindisfarne Gospels in northern regions. Second important occurrence during winter times, is obviously frost and ice. Chinese JIEBING word notices to freeze (the JIE especially noticing how substances solidify and cement; and BING noticing the ICE in particular). Similarly, JIEXUE is for freezing, too, of XUE root (snow). Finnish speakers prompt notice the similar Finnish JEE or JAA that notices ice (letter A with Umlaut, pronounced approximately JEE). Also, these are notoriously similar with European Teutonic words for ice; Old English often writes IS (also older written forms ISSE, YISE, YSE) are known. Old Teutonic form was ISO and more in recent language are Dutch IJS, Swedish IS and English ICE and German EIS. It is thus especially notable that Falk&Torp Etymologisk Ordbok notices that etymology for IS is not sure- their not having considered Chinese parallels, now emphasises importance finding in Chinese language thus apparent parallel. Also it appears important, that in many Eurasian languages are words for iron and ice notably similar; notable similarity is apparent I older Anglo Saxon vocabulary where IS was for ice and ISERN was for iron (see Grein, Sprachschatz and Bosworth and Toller). It is notable that somewhat resembling similarity also is in Chinese language apparent, JIE, JIEXUE for freezing and word TIE being usual for iron. Chinese vocabulary knows HUAXUE noticing to ski (also HUABING, for movements around ice). In Teutonic languages are notably near words HUPPON HUPPIAN hupfen (hop, leap, jump) and Anglo Saxon HOPPIAN, and Old German form HUPPEN; and FICK (Indogermanisches Wb) finds these being probably formed of Indogermanic KUBN. (Also in Finnish language, is usual hyppy in these meanings of jumping and leaping). Notably, their having omitted comparisons with Chinese vocabulary, it is thus here of apparent importance finding in Chinese HUAXUE and HUABING close parallels to those older forms of HUPPON and HUBBON. And of course, movements around frozen icy grounds and slippery snowy places, are some sort of leaping and tottering. The devices for proceeding in snowy places are usually noticed as SKI in European languages. English SKI and Swedish SKIDA (SKIDOR, verb is usually AKA SKIDOR) and Norse SKID, and Anglo Saxon SKID (see Falk & Torp Etymologisk Ordbok especially). Somewhat variously, are also included hereby snow-shoes, too. (FICK, Indogermanisches Wb scrutinise SKID and SKAIDAN, scheiden in Indogermanic root SKIT, and notices SKIDA, Schneeschuch, snow-shoes. In historical texts of Anglo Saxon times were then known multitude of northern people namely SKRIDE-FINNS in parts of northern Scandinavia (modern Swedish knows of SKRIDA, FRAMSKRIDA to progress and proceed in journey, similarly also in German). The SKI is, actually, a pair of (originally) wooden STICKS- and indeed, in Chinese language this is well noticed. Chinese ZHI measure word notices long and thin objects, eg chopsticks. It is here also particularly interesting that Chinese characters pronounced ZHI have meanings of sticks, twigs, branches, and also a pair- for example, are chopsticks and skis a pair of wooden sticks. Also, in Finnish similar are TIKKU (a stick) and TUKKI (woodlog) words; and Old Hebrew TQY verb notices to drive a peg in when setting up a tent. Old Greek ZUGOS notices also yokes, special wooden stick too; the KSULOS being more general Greek word for wood and trees. Importantly, Turkish CIVI notices nails and pegs and CIVILEMEK to nail. Modern English knows usual STICK word that is usual TEUTONIC word; old TEUTONIC root STIK noticed to pierce and to prick (in Sanskrit, root tij notices to be sharp); similarly with Greek STIZEIN, to prick. Notably, TIKKU, TUKKI and ZUGOS rather notice all kinds of wooden sticks and rods, not with particular regard to pricking. CHAPTER TWO

Eurasian Lexicon

Dear Readers, here is being published the great and proceeding Eurasian Lexicon ! Surely, this Eurasian Lexicon is greatly going to interest in times of Corea Winter Olympics Pyeongchang 2018 when Western top winter sportspeople arrive at Corea and accustom there! Yes, it is some surprises how the Coreans and Japanese and Chinese speak (and especially how they write the characters) but, attention- many of the Asian words are surprisingly SIMILAR WITH European usual words! HERE provides Eurasian Lexicon much researched information, compares Mandarin Chinese words with many European languages words (especially in Teutonic languages, German, English, Nordic etc) and finds similarities; and does some more detailed work in language history, too- especially, many words in Anglo Saxon (Old English) form (1000-1500years old) especially appear similar with may usual Chinese words- apparently, yet then 1500-1000 years ago, here in Western parts of Eurasia, many people yet knew language that contained MUCH terminology of Chinese language! FIND MORE in the earlier blog posts in THIS BLOG, of the EURASIAN LEXICON. Great preparation for arriving to Corea Winter Olympics! (Kim Limnell - Kim Ling)

Dear Readers, this weekend in Britain are Royals celebrating really remarkable event, the 70 years marriage of Queen and Prince Philip. For human lives, that seventy years is notably much time. Much to think! Best Congratulations! On this publishing site just continues strongly the publishings of comparisons of old British Lindisfarne Gospel translation, in language of Old English, with languages, notably, comparisons also with many Chinese words! Soon is thereof NEW BOOK coming, for the GREAT DELIGHT REJOICING AND INTEREST of all interested readers! With strong progress news, KIM

NEW LEXICON COMPARING EUROPEAN AND ASIAN LANGUAGES: EURASIAN WORDS

NEW NEW Sept 27 2017 NOW IS HERE AVAILABLE NEW EXTENDED AND IMPROVED LEXICON COMPARING WORDS OF EUROPE AND ASIA! This shows much similarities between Chinese words, and words in major Eurasian languages Russian, Finnish and Teutonic languages! Especially much similarities are found Chinese words with older Anglo-Saxon and old German words (that brings the evidence back thousand years, or one millennium and a half, or more). THIS IS STRONGLY PROCEEDING PROJECT, soon coming much more detailed comparisons of specific vocabulary in old English Gospel translations, also those of Northumbrian and Lindisfarne, comparing with such Asian vocabulary; and also some other Anglo-Saxon texts so compared. WORDS OF EURASIA!!!! TOP NEWS OF Sept 27, 2017 AND PROJECT IS STRONG PROGRESSING!!

A LEXICON COMPARING WORDS OF EUROPE AND ASIA Comparison of some Chinese words with words of Russian and Finnish languages, and words common in TEUTONIC languages; also noticing some Old Greek words of interest. by Pasi K Pohjala THIS IS SECOND, IMPROVED EDITION OF September 27, 2017, that much develops older First Edition, of April 16, 2016. Articles of MAA (horse); PAOBU (run); ZHI (sticks and logs); YU (fish); TAIYANG (sun); ZIJI (self) and ZHU (live, dwell); HUNLI (wedding); GAI (build); KAI (to burn); GAO (warm); LIFU (cloth); YANJING (eyes); PENGYOU (friends); QU (come, go); LAOSHI (clever); HAO and HUAI (good and not good); LONG (dragon); WOSHI (a dwelling, a room); BIAOGE (cousin); QUN (measuring group); SHAN (mountain); SHU (tree); CAO (grass, lawn); HUA (flowers); HU (river); HAI (ocean, sea); NAO (brain); MEI (every); KU (bitter); SUAN (sour); TIAN (sweet); CHUANTONG (tradition); DONGSI (something); WEN (question); WAI (other); WEI (someone); SHENG (body); YING (win); SHOU (writings); LIANG (travel); and comparisons of numerals one to ten; and CONCLUDING SUMMARY. The main aim for this lexicon survey is to clarify and manifest similarities of many usual words in modern TEUTONIC languages, with Chinese words. Regrettably, their similarities with Chinese words often remains unrecognised in surveys of linguistic history of usual words; but this study aims to manifest in this question much more clarities in apparent form. Importantly, older Anglo-Saxon words yet preserve many very close similarities that have become in modern language obsolete, or appear in quite changed form after centuries in modern language. Thus are also similarities of such Chinese words noticed with words in Russian and Finnish languages, Chinese neighbouring cultures in this large Eurasian continent. FIFTY ARTICLES, by Pasi K Pohjala. Chinese MAA word for HORSE is very similar to modern English MARE for fem horses (and in Swedish marr although HAST is there more general) and Finnish HUMMA word for horses. In Anglo-Saxon MEARH notices horses (see Boswell); and historically Old TEUTONIC MARKOZ noticed fem horses, also apparently similar; and Indogermanic root is MARKOS (Skeat art “mare”, it is notable that Skeat finds here being “root uncertain”). Importantly, FICK (art “MARHA”) notice MARHA, Pferd and comparing with English MARR and Anglo-Saxon MEARH; neither FICK presents clear roots for this. Notoriously, Biblical Hebrew RKB words notice riding (see BDB RKB), and quite famous Hebrew noun formation MARKHAVA notices chariots in Old Hebrew. In older times, horses were all important and usual, and thus this vocabulary IS particularly important. Chinese word PAO notice walking and running, and Chinese PAOBU and MANPAO words notice running activity. Also, there are apparently similar with Finnish verbs PAKO; PAETA (to flee from) and PIKA; PIKAINEN (quick). Importantly thus is Russian BEGAT (to run) also apparent similar and also resembling Turkish BEYGIR word notices horses, quick runners and Turkish CABUK notices to be in hurry and doing quickly. Notoriously, for Chinese PAO and PAOBU and MANPAO verbs we detect similarity with very usual Old Hebrew BA verb (to come; to go see BDB); and even similarity with old Greek BAINOO verb for coming and going (usual in ANABAINOO and KATABAINOO etc). In old Anglo-Saxon it is notable that BE-CUMAN usually does notice arriving and coming (even if modern English BECOME has other meaning). Chinese ZHI measure word notices long and thin objects, eg chopsticks; and in Finnish similar are TIKKU (a stick) and TUKKI (woodlog) words; and Old Hebrew TQY verb notices to drive a peg in when setting up a tent. Old Greek ZUGOS notices also yokes, special wooden stick too; the KSULOS being more general Greek word for wood and trees. Importantly, Turkish CIVI notices nails and pegs and CIVILEMEK to nail. Old Anglo-Saxon TELGA word notices branches (and Chinese TENG is word for sticks, cane and rattan); this is also worth comparing with modern LOG word in form TH-LOG. Furthermore, modern English knows usual STICK word that is usual TEUTONIC word; old TEUTONIC root STIK noticed to pierce and to prick (in Sanskrit, root tij notices to be sharp); similarly with Greek STIZEIN, to prick. Finnish verb is TUKKIA although not peculiarly done with TUKKI instrument; and Anglo-Saxon form is STINGAN. From Indogermanic root STEIG and more usual Teutonic form STEKAN are many modern words developed (Skeat art “stick”). Notably, TIKKU, TUKKI and ZUGOS rather notice all kinds of wooden sticks and rods, not with particular regard to pricking. Chinese YU word notices fishes generally. Also, another character in Chinese is YU for heavy rain. Notably, Finnish JUO verb notices to drink, well relevant for swimming fish. And German Kabeljau notices cod fish; and German das Juchten notices watertight leathern things, also well similar with Chinese YU for fish. (In old times, such could be floats when filled with air). We find here words denoting floating, or, something swimming. In Russian language, we find many interestingly similar words, RYBA for fish and PLYT verb notices swimming. Famous Old Greek word for ships is PLOUS. Russian BYI word notices floating thing; all these Russian words interestingly recall that Chinese YU word for fish. In Old Testament famous are, also, NUNA fish. In Turkish is the BUYU for magic and incantations, and YUZMEK verb notices in Turkish to float. In Finnish is same word UI or UIDA noticing swimming, same with Russian BYI and Turkish YUZMEK for floating. It is actually notable that Anglo-Saxon YT word notices seas, especially waves (see Boswell)- this word is in modern Swe YTA for waves, too. In Old Hebrew we find YUAM (or, jam) word for waters and seas; and Hebrew BYH notices to bubble, and to reveal, and is used in reference to waters, too. In ancient times, rivers, waterways and coastal routes were very important routes for travelling and transportation, and many people were thereby active and in such areas resident, so that similarity in these words is especially important. (Notice also history of lighthouse-keeper GUTLAC in West-Saxon Exeter Book). Chinese TAIYANG notices sun and Chinese DANKONG notices high above in the sky. This is notoriously similar with usual Finnish word TAIVAS that generally notices heavens; and Finnish TAVATA notices encounters and appearances generally. Very similar is Anglo-Saxon word TUNGOL word stars (word SWEGL is rather, for sun); actually we find this in name TENGEL-HOF of a modern airport (TUNGOL SCEAL ON HEOFENUM BEORHTE SCINAN, thus a saying in Gnomic verses in Anglo-Saxon Mss TiberiusB). For TUNGOL, older German knew ZUNGAL, and in older Swedish is TUNGEL word for moon (Boswell “tungol”). (Cf also how FICK comments dug, dunkel sein). Also Turkish language knows very similar words, DUN noticing night, and DUN also noticing how something goes up in the air. In Russian is DAVAT usual verb for giving; apparently important earlier was hope for providential sustenance from heavens, for good weather of seasons; and Russian word DEN notices days. Notably thus is similar the usual Old Hebrew TOV for good and Hebrew JOM TOV notices religious festival days. And in Hebrew NTH notices to spread, similarly how heavens is spread; and Hebrew NTY notices to plant and to set up, also noticing how the heavens were regarded having been set up and established. Also, Old Hebrew DYK word notices to be extinguished, eg. of lamps. Old Greek AKTIS generally notices light and light rays and sparkles; and also Greek OURANOS word for heavens have quite similarity with Chinese TAIYANG word. Also importantly, in terms of geography, old name of central Finland was TAVAST-LAND, and it is important to recognise how vast areas of Siberia were (and are) known as TAYGA area. In older times, comprehension of geography was of course not so distinctive, so that similarity of names of Russian TAYGA area and old name of central Finland TAVAST-LAND is especially noteworthy. Actually, these old geographical terms are clear derived from Chinese TA noticing step on, tread and TAQING noticing walk on green grass. Chinese ZIJI notices SELF; and ZHU notices activity of living in and lodging. These are notoriously similar with Old Greek ZAO (ZEIN) noticing to live; and also similar with Greek OIKIDZEIN noticing dwelling in habitation or in a house. Russian usual verb ZIT notices both being alive and inhabiting in; inhabitants are ZITELEI. Apparently similar with Chinese use are Finnish nouns SIJA and SUOJA, words for place of something or place of someone. Thus it is interesting to compare with common TEUTONIC word SELF (German selber, Swedish sjalv) that is common TEUTONIC and is in Old TEUTONIC found in selbo words. In Old Norwegian found form SIALF is notably similar with the SIJA word, continuously usual in Finnish. But etymology of this common TEUTONIC self words is continuously regarded obscure. Thus it is surely worth comparison with these Chinese ZIJI and ZHU words, that find so remarkable comparison in continuously usual Finnish SIJA and SUOJA words, and also in Russian usual ZIT verb, especially with regard to geography and population movements during decades. Chinese HUNLI notices wedding; this is apparent similar with usual Finnish JUHLA (a festival) and JUHLIA (to celebrate) and dialect form JUHULA. Also, modern German knows of JAUCHZEN loud celebrating. Notably, in old Anglo-Saxon is HUSL word for Eucharist (see Boswell), important churchly celebration. And in Turkish notices CULUS word throne accession festivities. Also is similar Old Greek GELAOO to laugh and be happy; and in Russian is ULIBKA noticing smile. Remarkably is similar here Turkish GULUMSEME for smile and GULUMSEMEK to smile. Notoriously similar is English noun HALL that is common TEUTONIC word (German Halle and Swedish hall), and is in old TEUTONIC found in HALLA form; this noticing generally large places with some roof. Apparently, festival gatherings usually were gathering under some roofed area, or under tents. Thus we also remind of old Hebrew AKL verb noticing eating, and celebrating; and AHL noticing tents in Old Hebrew. Chinese GAI word notices to build; this character notices to build and lid, cover. In Finnish usual word KATTO notices a roof or a ROOFED place (and verb KATTAA); similar is also Turkish CATI for roof, thus place established for settled inhabitation. Anglo-Saxon GEAT notices a gate, also roofed structure (see Boswell, notices also German Gasse), also modern English notices this in word GATE (however is Swedish en gata different, noticing a street). Notably similar thereby is also old Hebrew GAG noticing a roof, and roofed place (see BDB); also Greek usual OIKOS can have similarity. Word GAR is in Hebrew usual verb for inhabiting and dwelling in. This Hebrew GAR also is similar with Old Greek AGORA the public square of cities and AGORADZEIN. In Russian is word GOROD usual for cities and towns (and Russian verb GORA is more for travelling, especially in hill countries). These are built and well established places of human habitation; and AGORA, for public activities in cities Notably, many Turkish GUR words are of residence and exile, word GURBET noticing exile and foreign travelling; this actually echoes in Old Hebrew found nuance of strangeness in GAR word included. And Anglo-Saxon knows GRIT word for havens and sanctuaries. These are notably interesting words concerning travellers and places and havens for travellers, in longer distances. Chinese KAI word notices to burn and to boil, also the KAI character notices to start, begin; such are important activities in human habitation and settling. Remarkably similar is old Greek KAIOO and KAUSIS, for kindling and burning. Actually it is notable that much resembling old Greek word GIGNOMAI notices beginnings and becoming- comparison of meanings of Chinese KAI with Greek KAIOO and GIGNOMAI is notorious. (In Greek is of course the KAI word for AND in writings really usual too). In Biblical Hebrew the similar KWH kawa notice to burn. Finnish verb KIAHUU notices to boil (standard form is KIEHUA). Similar is also Turkish KAYNATMAK, and Turkish word GOK notices sky and heavens; that is also place of bright stars and lights; and in Swedish we recognise ETT KOK noticing kitchen area of a house where is the fireplace operated; in German, word Kuche notices a kitchen. And in Finnish is KOKKO usual word for large bonfires; but it is notable that poetic Finnish also reminds of huge KOKKO that specifically is particular kind of bird or flying being. Also similar Chinese GAO word notices warm. Apparently similar word also here is Greek KAIOO, KAUSIS that notice warming, burning and boiling. Also Turkish KAYNATMAK noticing to boil, appears similar; in Finnish language word KIAHUU notices boiling. Chinese GAO is word for warm. Apparently, descriptions of warm and cold are not objectively determined and thus can much show variation in different places and for different people. Thus we, indeed, find in TEUTONIC languages notable resemblances in words for COLD. The COLD is common TEUTONIC word (German kalt, Kalte and Swedish kall and English cold, see comments in Skeat and Boswell); in Old TEUTONIC was verb stem KAL noticing to be cold, also old TEUTONIC KALDOZ. This is ONE word where old TEUTONIC root actually is the same with Chinese word, merely writing one more sound of L so that GAO with L appears KAL towards western areas. This phenomenon is notably often repeated and here in MANY words manifested. Anglo-Saxon knows CALD and CEALD for cold (Boswell “ceald”). (Important are FICK notices of KAL, KALAN, kalt sein, frieren). Notably, this old TEUTONIC forms is not too different from Old Hebrew words QAR, QARIR for cold (and actually, old Hebrew letters R and L are so remarkably similar that QAL forms in old Hebrew writs also may have occurred too, noticing cold!) And thus, we also recognise similar Russian GALODNO noticing cold. In Finnish, most similar is HALLA of freezing wintry nights (cf also Finnish KALMA word), and this is, remarkably, similar with old TEUTONIC root KALDOZ, and, Old Greek KHALADZA is apparently similar too. Chinese LEI notices thunder; and really similar is English FLAME (cf Swedish flamm), especially in pronouncing “fleim” that is really similar with this Chinese word. Finnish knows TULI for fire, and LEIMU also is in Finnish for fire. Old Anglo-Saxon ALED is for fire, also LIG or LIGG in Anglo-Saxon notice flame and fire. In Turkish is ALEV for fire, LHB lahab in old Hebrew is for fire, and Greek LIGUS is also for fire Chinese LIFU word notices cloths; apparently

Wayne Rooney back at Old Trafford

Today was just concluded truly immemorable football match Manchester United - Everton where Wayne Rooney appeared now at ManU stadium but on the other side, namely, in Everton shirt. Wayne has been really great player for a decade in Manchester United, helped with his numerous goals towards Manchester United victories, and numerous trophies. His career at ManU lasted 2004-2017, with 393 apps and record much 253 goals! Much of the history of recent Manchester United glory years, are actually much history of great doings of Wayne in Manchester United! And Wayne was in national team England most capped player with 119 internationals and record 53 goals. Wayne also was elected Player of the Year in Britain many times 2008, 2009 2014, 2015. Now, Wayne's appearance at Old Trafford stadium was apparently really emotional. The Man U great supporters also loud applauded the great Wayne Rooney in his Old Trafford appearance! Wayne is so much respected, admired and beloved amongst all supporters of Manchester United! Best wishes to Wayne, he is always in our minds.

dear friends, summarising many results of comparisons of old words in this BLOG earlier post of Apr 2016 (there published fifty words), can be summarised that: clearly, many words of Old Hebrew (and, of old Greek) are, notoriously, arriving from CHINESE TURKESTAN that vast central Asian region where the trade routes from ancient times connected towards west. that MANY WORDS ARRIVE IN OLD HEBREW LANGUAGE (and in old GREEK LANGUAGE) FROM CHINESE TURKESTAN along old trade routes. Historically, this is notable.

Asian settlers in Roman Britain and earlier

Dear Readers, now posted proceedings of evidence of culture of Asian people settled in Britain in early Roman times, and pre-Roman times is clear evidence of thriving and continuous culture of people settled in Britain. This continues my recent research, also HERE in this blog little earlier published A LEXICON COMPARING WORDS OF EUROPE AND ASIA where many Chinese words are compared with Teutonic words and notably many close similarities are apparent. This work is continuing and also one important topic in study is more considering evidences of Anglo-Saxon writings in Britain. And the fabulous and famous decorations of Lindisfarne Gospels book, many of which have continuously been compared with motifs in Asian art. Study of the Anglo-Saxon version of Lindisfarne Gospels book is, in some statements, also ongoing- more results soon.

historical evidence for early Asian communities in Roman Britain, and earlier

Early communities of Asians in Britain, in time of, and before Roman conquest of Britain. Some evidence: Archaeological finds of pottery are one of most important material evidence of older, partially pre-historic times. In Britain, famous is Northamptonshire pottery, called being of Hunsbury Draughton style where decorations of yin-yang style are clear and apparent. Notably, pottery producing culture of those areas well continued after conquest, and thereafter become famous and distinct NENE valley pottery, of sites from Northamptonshire; and in numerous preserved items are clearly visible, also, yin-yang style decoration. Of course, such continuation of decorative themes attest strongly continuation and thriving of certain culture of people of that area. Importantly, many of these finds are of areas where rivers towards the Wash in east are near to Avon flowing to west, thus in geography strategic area in Britain, for commerce and connections. It is notable also that potteries found at famous southern iron age hill castle the Maiden castle, also apparently show decoration themes of yin-yang. And some of their decoration themes closely resemble themes in NENE valley pottery (upside down being U form, and some forms resembling w in forms of running dogs etc). Also this attest cultural connections. Importantly, the Maiden castle was strategic near to old thriving commercial and manufacturing hubs of Hengistbury harbour and Poole harbour, where inland and overseas commerce thrived, especially up to Gallic war times; thrived to the level that gold standard was in use. One of main historical sites of Britain is the Verulamium, municipium in Roman times, of considerable wealth and thriving. Notably, we discover the yin-yang decorative motifs in numerous splendid mosaics from Verulamium. For example, famous sea-shell mosaic is surrounded by decorations of style of waves- also, in yin-yang-form apparently. Also it is interesting and oft occurring detail that the handles of lekhytoi and oinokhooi vessels depicted in Verulamium mosaics, are clearly in form of yin-yang decorations (a style of letter S with decorations). It is also notable that the decoration of yin-yang is apparent in many bronze objects unearthed in Britain, such as shields or daggers. Of course, bronze production was in Britain one important activity for occurrence of copper and the alloy metal tin, in Britain. Some months ago was reported new archaeological discovery from London Newark cemetery of roman times where specialist work of archaeologists and forensic specialists could determine that one of remains was of Asian origin man (see Journal of Arhaeological Science Autumn 2016); this discovery caused much debate of history of those earlier roman times. Some specialist terminology is of much interest. Historians tell famously of the arrival of Hengist and Horsa to Britain, to boost Britain defence activities, being invited by Vortigern king into Britain. Historians notably also record that Hengist received after some years possession of Kent region, that then belonged to prince GUOYRANCGON. This name appears truly mysterious, but it is readily clear considering Chinese language- the GUO means land or region; RAN is apparently the REN, the people, so that this ancient possessor of Kent region was LAND-OF FOLK-OF ANCGO. This is straightly understood in Chinese language. (And to think of that ANCGO it is notable that Chinese know Britain in name of YING-GUO even nowadays). MOREOVER, in Anglo-Saxon language the word CYNREN denotes clan,or tribe. In this word the REN is notable, but it is THE Chinese word for folk, or people. Apparently, the usual Anglo-Saxon noun CYNN for race and family, also resembles reference to China. Also we know of king CYNEWULF king of Wessex (757-86), descendant of Cerdice. Famous is also king Cynegils of West Saxons (611-643); he was in 635 baptised by missionary Birinus.

A LEXICON COMPARING WORDS OF EUROPE AND ASIA Comparison of some Chinese words with words of Russian and Finnish languages, and words common in TEUTONIC languages; also noticing some Old Greek words of interest. by Pasi K Pohjala First Edition, of April 16, 2016. Articles of MAA (horse); PAOBU (run); ZHI (sticks and logs); YU (fish); TAIYANG (sun); ZIJI (self) and ZHU (live, dwell); HUNLI (wedding); GAI (build); KAI (to burn); GAO (warm); LIFU (cloth); YANJING (eyes); PENGYOU (friends); QU (come, go); LAOSHI (clever); HAO and HUAI (good and not good); LONG (dragon); WOSHI (a dwelling, a room); BIAOGE (cousin); QUN (measuring group); SHAN (mountain); SHU (tree); CAO (grass, lawn); HUA (flowers); HU (river); HAI (ocean, sea); NAO (brain); MEI (every); KU (bitter); SUAN (sour); TIAN (sweet); CHUANTONG (tradition); DONGSI (something); WEN (question); WAI (other); WEI (someone); SHENG (body); YING (win); SHOU (writings); LIANG (travel); and comparisons of numerals one to ten; and CONCLUDING SUMMARY. The main aim for this lexicon survey is to clarify and manifest similarities of many usual words in modern TEUTONIC languages, with Chinese words. Regrettably, their similarities with Chinese words often remains unrecognised in surveys of linguistic history of usual words; but this study aims to manifest in this question much more clarities in apparent form. Thus are also similarities of such Chinese words noticed with words in Russian and Finnish languages, Chinese neighbouring cultures in this large Eurasian continent. FIFTY ARTICLES, by Pasi K Pohjala. Chinese MAA word for HORSE is very similar to modern English MARE for fem horses (and in Swedish marr although HAST is there more general) and Finnish HUMMA word for horses; and historically Old TEUTONIC MARHOZ noticed fem horses, also apparently similar. In Hebrew RKB words notice riding, and noun formation MARKHAVA notices chariots in Old Hebrew. In older times, horses were all important and usual, and thus this vocabulary IS particularly important. Chinese PAOBU and MANPAO words notice running activity, and there are apparently similar with Finnish verbs PAKO; PAETA (to flee from) and PIKA; PIKAINEN (quick). Importantly thus is Russian BEGAT (to run) also apparent similar (resembling Turkish BEYGIR notices horses, quick runners). Notoriously, for PAOBU and MANPAO verbs we detect similarity with very usual Old Hebrew BA verb (to come; to go); and even similarity with old Greek BAINOO verb for coming and going. Chinese ZHI measure word notices long and thin objects, eg chopsticks; and in Finnish similar are TIKKU (a stick) and TUKKI (woodlog) words; and Old Hebrew TQY verb notices to drive a peg in when setting up a tent. Old Greek ZUGOS notices also yokes, special wooden stick too; the KSULOS being more general Greek word for wood and trees. Importantly, Turkish CIVI notices nails and pegs and CIVILEMEK to nail. Modern English knows usual STICK word that is usual TEUTONIC word; old TEUTONIC root STIK noticed to pierce and to prick (in Sanskrit, root tij notices to be sharp); similarly with Greek STIZEIN, to prick. Notably, TIKKU, TUKKI and ZUGOS rather notice all kinds of wooden sticks and rods, not with particular regard to pricking. Chinese YU word notices fishes generally. Notably, Finnish JUO verb notices to drink, well relevant for swimming fish. And German Kabeljau notices cod fish; and German das Juchten notices watertight leathern things, also well similar with Chinese YU for fish. In Russian language, we find many interestingly similar words, RYBA for fish and PLYT verb notices swimming. Russian BYI word notices floating thing; all these Russian words interestingly recall that Chinese YU word for fish. In Turkish is the BUYU for magic and incantations, and YUZMEK verb notices in Turkish to float. Hebrew BYH notices to bubble, and to reveal, and is used in reference to waters, too. In ancient times, rivers, waterways and coastal routes were very important routes for travelling and transportation, and many people were thereby active and in such areas resident, so that similarity in these words is especially important. (Worthy mention is also English JUG word, for a liquid container, although its origination is regarded unclear). Chinese TAIYANG notices sun; and this is notoriously similar with usual Finnish word TAIVAS that generally notices heavens; and Finnish TAVATA notices encounters and appearances generally. In Russian is DAVAT usual verb for giving; apparently important earlier was hope for providential sustenance from heavens, for good weather of seasons. Notably thus is similar the usual Old Hebrew TOV for good and Hebrew JOM TOV notices religious festival days. And in Hebrew NTH notices to spread, similarly how heavens is spread; and Hebrew NTY notices to plant and to set up, also noticing how the heavens were regarded having been set up and established. Old Greek AKTIS generally notices light and light rays and sparkles. Importantly, in terms of geography, old name of central Finland was TAVAST-LAND, and it is important to recognise how vast areas of Siberia were (and are) known as TAYGA area. In older times, comprehension of geography was of course not so distinctive, so that similarity of names of Russian TAYGA area and old name of central Finland TAVAST-LAND is especially noteworthy. Chinese ZIJI notices SELF; and ZHU notices activity of living in and lodging. These are notoriously similar with Old Greek ZAO (ZEIN) noticing to live; and also similar with Greek OIKIDZEIN noticing dwelling in habitation or in a house. Russian usual verb ZIT notices both being alive and inhabiting in; inhabitants are ZITELEI. Apparently similar with Chinese use are Finnish nouns SIJA and SUOJA, words for place of something or place of someone. Thus it is interesting to compare with common TEUTONIC word SELF (German selber, Swedish sjalv) that is common TEUTONIC and is in Old TEUTONIC found in selbo words. In Old Norwegian found form SIALF is notably similar with the SIJA word, continuously usual in Finnish. But etymology of this common TEUTONIC self words is continuously regarded obscure. Thus it is surely worth comparison with these Chinese ZIJI and ZHU words, that find so remarkable comparison in continuously usual Finnish SIJA and SUOJA words, and also in Russian usual ZIT verb, especially with regard to geography and population movements during decades. Chinese HUNLI notices wedding; this is apparent similar with usual Finnish JUHLA (a festival) and JUHLIA (to celebrate); and modern German knows of JAUCHZEN loud celebrating. Also is similar Old Greek GELAOO to laugh and be happy; and in Russian is ULIBKA noticing smile. Remarkably is similar here Turkish GULUMSEME for smile and GULUMSEMEK to smile. Notoriously similar is English noun HALL that is common TEUTONIC word (German Halle and Swedish hall), and is in old TEUTONIC found in HALLA form; this noticing generally large places with some roof. Apparently, festival gatherings usually were gathering under some roofed area, or under tents. Thus we also remind of old Hebrew AKL verb noticing eating, and celebrating; and AHL noticing tents in Old Hebrew. Chinese GAI word notices to build. In Finnish usual word KATTO notices a roof or a roofed place (cf also Turkish CATI for roof), thus place established for settled inhabitation. Notably similar thereby is old Hebrew GAG noticing a roof, and roofed place, a built place; and GAR is in Hebrew usual verb for inhabiting and dwelling in. This Hebrew GAR also is similar with Old Greek AGORA the public square of cities and AGORADZEIN. In Russian is word GOROD usual for cities and towns. These are built and well established places of human habitation; and AGORA, for public activities in cities. Chinese KAI word notices to burn and to boil; such are important activities in human habitation and settling. Remarkably similar is old Greek KAIOO and KAUSIS, for kindling and burning. (In Greek is of course the KAI word for AND in writings really usual too). Turkish word GOK notices sky and heavens; that is also place of bright stars and lights; and in Swedish we recognise ETT KOK noticing kitchen area of a house where is the fireplace operated; in German, word Kuche notices a kitchen. And in Finnish is KOKKO usual word for large bonfires; but it is notable that poetic Finnish also reminds of huge KOKKO that specifically is particular kind of bird or flying being. Chinese GAO word notices warm. Apparently similar word is Greek KAIOO, KAUSIS that notice warming, burning and boiling. Also Turkish KAYNATMAK noticing to boil, appears similar; in Finnish language word KIAHUU notices boiling (this is usual dialect form; but literary correct Finnish nowadays is KIEHUA; such smaller changes in vowels have been introduced into literary Finnish language- so that Finns have to remember such details when writing grammatically correct text, even if in everyday speaking apparently more using familiar dialect forms). Apparently, descriptions of warm and cold are not objectively determined and thus can much show variation in different places and for different people. Thus we, indeed, find in TEUTONIC languages resemblances in words for COLD. The COLD is common TEUTONIC word (German kalt, Kalte and Swedish kall); in Old TEUTONIC was verb stem KAL noticing to be cold, also old TEUTONIC KALDOZ. Notably, this old TEUTONIC forms is not too different from Old Hebrew words QAR, QARIR for cold (and actually, old Hebrew letters R and L are so remarkably similar that QAL forms in old Hebrew writs also may have occurred too, noticing cold!)And thus, we also recognise similar Russian GALODNO noticing cold. In Finnish, most similar is verb KALISTA that often describes body shivering amidst freezing weather of Finnish winter, and this is, remarkably, similar with old TEUTONIC root KALDOZ. Chinese LIFU word notices cloths; apparently similar with Finnish noun LIPPU that notices specific kind of clothes, flags. In Turkish, word LAF notices words and remarks, being relevant here because usually flying flags were signals for some remarks. Old Hebrew knows verb LBS to wear clothes, and its Hifil form also being very usual too. This Hebrew LBS is general word for wearing clothes; it is not appearing for flags. (It is worthy here noticing also the usual English word FLY; this is common TEUTONIC word, and in Old TEUTONIC appearing in FLEUGON and FLEUGAN forms. Modern German writes of fliegen and Flug, and Swedish writes of flyga (to fly) and flagg (a flag). Chinese YANJING notices an eye; and this is remarkably similar with old Hebrew AJIN or YJN word usual in old Hebrew. Thus it is really notable that similar words are in TEUTONIC languages usual. German finden, fand verb is usual and in Swedish is finna, fann verb usual nowadays, and the noun fynd of Swedish. In English, is TO FIND usual and indeed, this is common TEUTONIC word, that in OLD TEUTONIC appears in find and findan forms. Interestingly, in modern Russian is UMNYI word for clever people; and in Finnish notice words YNNA and YNNATA doings of mathematics (notably noticing of F-YNN and thus of fynd and German finden). In Turkish is similar word UYANIK more noticing of watchful and vigilant people. Chinese word PENGYOU is usual for friends. The Old Hebrew PQH notices to care, to guard; and to open eyes. Similar Turkish BEKCI notices guards and watchmen, and BAKICI notices more nurses and guards. In Old Greek such meanings also are central, although FEUGOO and FUGAS notice fleeing from and escaping from (also usual Greek FEGGOS word for flame and light is notably similar too). Thus we interested notice that in Finnish is PEKKA usual first name (and appearing in Finnish surnames in forms PEKKA-NEN and PEKKA-LA, these notifying of reference to particular activity). Chinese word QU usually notices to come and to go. This is apparent similar with Russian GULJAT verb noticing comings and goings (more indefinite that ITI verb); and similar is in Finnish found verb KULKEA, and noun KULKU. In Finnish, the noun KUU notices The Moon. In Old Hebrew, the QUM is usual word noticing going and Hebrew QWH verb is more of directing towards specific place. It is thus remarkable noticing that this Hebrew QUM actually is really similar with famous old Greek GUMNAZOO verb that earlier more noticed of doing physical training (and GUMNOS). In old Greek worth mention here are also KHUOO and KHEOO verbs. Importantly, also such Turkish verbs start with G, there GITMEK noticing to go, and GELMEK noticing coming. English speakers thus prompt recognise also the GO (gone) verb; this is common TEUTONIC (German gehen, gang and Swedish ga, gick), and in Old TEUTONIC appearing in GAE and GANGG stems. In this discussion, it is worth noticing that Finnish noun KUU notices The Moon; the periodical movements of the Moon were of central importance for peoples following lunar calendar, and these peoples very carefully were observing movements of The Moon. Chinese word LAOSHI notices cleverness and clever people. Worth is thus reminding that old Hebrew LHS is firmly word of oracles and uttering charms and spells; and LHS also notices hissing, also important in many oracles. Similar word in Finnish is LAISKA, and similar is Turkish LACKA for slack people. In Turkish LOS notices gloomy and murky and this is more relevant to places and rituals of many oracles. In Old Greek is LEETHEE hiddenness and being concealed and veiled; and A-LEETHEES notices true and becoming revealed (ALEETHEES and ALEETHEIA). (Similarity with LHS is also here apparent, recognising usual S and T changes in Aramaic). Thus it is also interesting to recognise development F-LS that we, apparently, recognise also nowadays in common TEUTONIC word FALSE noticing something wrong and not true (English false, German falsch Falschung and Swedish falsk words). Interesting similarity is found regarding Chinese usual word HAO for good. This is remarkably similar with usual Russian word HAROSI for good, and with usual Finnish HIANO word for good. Notably, we can also here detect a similarity with Old Greek word AGATHOS of good, especially in AKHATHOS spelling. And Chinese usual word HUAI for not good is also similar with usual Finnish word HUANO for not good; also Russian comparative form HUSHE (worse) is similar here. Chinese word LONG notices dragon. Every English speaker well recognises word LONG noticing extended objects and beings; indeed, we regard a dragon as a being of some considerable length too. Finnish word LANKKU notices lengthier wooden logs and rods. Such words appear in Russian; DLINNYI notices long and DOLGO notices of much duration. Notoriously important is found in German language that noun SCHLANGE is usual noun for snakes and apparently comparable with the Chinese LONG word too. (German TILGEN notices to wipe off; apparently quite descriptive of snake movements upon the ground too). Also is word LANGE in German very usual. And thus we conclude reminding the usual important old Greek word LOGOS. The LOGOS word in Greek includes multitudes of meanings, noticing utterances, words, writings, and generally wisdom. In Hellenistic Stoicism was LOGOS especially important philosophical concept noticing in world inherent reasonable order that was organising word to better organised. In early Hellenised Christianity too, and especially in Alexandria, there was very developed religious cult of LOGOS and much philosophical and religious writings concerning divine LOGOS. And Greek LIGUS notices burning flames (also burning life principle was one central topic of Hellenistic Stoicism). We conclude this discussion noticing that the nowadays usual English word LONG is, indeed, common TEUTONIC word, and in old TEUTONIC appearing in forms LANGGO and LONGHO. Thus we, apparently, remind that the LONG word in Chinese denotes the dragon; this is well relevant for modern TEUTONIC comprehensions too, especially noticing the modern usual German noun SCHLANGE for snakes. (A small concluding notice: the chevalier St GEORGE and dragon- theme conceals the important idea, that previously, the horses of chevaliers were actually compared with dragons- thus: in certain sense, that St. George was himself riding on dragon, because horses of chevaliers were compared with dragons; this merely, as a small concluding notice here). Chinese word WOSHI notices room, living place. This is apparently important word. In Finnish language, word SAVU notices concretely smoke, and earlier, residence houses were named as SAVU because of the fireplace located in house for warming house. Thus it is notable that old Hebrew OZ notices generally strength, and especially strongly built places, even fortified strongholds and citadels. Similarly in Russian language, ZAMOK notices castles, and locks, thus secured and fortified places of inhabiting (also German castle word Schloss is similar with verb for locking, schliessen). It is thus notable that Turkish YASAMAK word generally notices to inhabit, and to dwell (and resembling Turkish word SOMINE notices fireplace). Chinese word BIAOGE notices COUSIN. This appears really interesting in these comparisons. Finnish noun POIKA is usual noun for a son (male descendant). In Russian notices BOG word God; and generally notices BOGATYI rich and wealthy people; in Russian folklore is BOGATYR popular figure too. In Old Hebrew notices the PQD especially events of sexual intercourse, thus making fertile. In older societies, indeed, very essential richness was the ability of procreation. Also, Turkish language knows BITEK noticing fertile and GEBE noticing pregnant. Old Greek word BIOS and BIAIOS for life are very usual. These words are apparently really similar. (We remind also of BEN word for sons, in old Hebrew; and words bin and bint in Arabic; it is, indeed, notable to consider German sein verb: ich bin, du bist usw). Chinese word QUN is measure word for crowds and large groups. The word is similar with usual Finnish word KUNTA for smaller towns; and also apparently with German Gegend word for areas and districts. Important parallels in old Greek are GENOS and GENEA also for important groups; and GENNAOO; these manifest giving birth and groups of thus related people. (Russian KUTSA notices heaps and piles; and this more parallels Finnish KUTSU, KUTSUA, inviting people to gather together.) In old Hebrew is apparent parallel to QUN the KNS word that notices gathering, gathering together; and such is also Finnish word KANSA (folk). Chinese word SHAN notices mountain. In northern Finland there is located one high mountain and it is called SAANA, this word being the proper name of that mountain (noun VUORI is the usual Finnish noun for a mountain). Russian word VERSHINA notices the summit of a mountain, and this Russian VERSHINA and name SAANA apparently are similar with that Chinese SHAN word for mountains. Importantly, mountains are in regions steady geographical places of continuous duration in the region and being massive and visible and thus usually famous: thus their nomenclature has much important continuity during several generations and their nomenclature thus can steadily attest much from older cultural comprehensions too. Thus we find notoriously also in TEUTONIC the usual word TO HANG; continuously in modern German the HANG and ABHANG notice the side of a mountain, the slope of mountain. Also these German HANG and ABHANG apparently are similar with Chinese SHAN for mountain. We thus notice that the word HANG in English indeed is interesting old TEUTONIC word; old English knows forms heng and hangian, older German the hengen and old TEUTONIC form was HANGHAN. These show notable similarity with the Chinese SHAN word too. (For comparison, in Turkish is US word for summits and DAG word for a mountain.) Chinese word SHU notices a tree. Apparently this word is notably similar with usual old Greek word KSULOS for a tree (and KSULINEE). Finnish language uses noun KUUSI specifically for spruce tree; and in Russian language the SOSNA notices pine trees. Russia and Finland are northern areas with severe winters, and conifer trees are in those regions thus more usual thriving, thus understandably we find such references to pine and spruce trees. So we find more interesting geographical details, because similar German word BUCHE notices there really thriving leafy beech tree. The usual English word BUSH also appears resembling; also this word is common TEUTONIC word (Swedish buske, German Busch and German Buche). These style of names yet in our times continuously manifest remembrances of older cultures and then usual practises. Chinese word CAO notices grass. Apparently similar is usual Finnish word AHO noticing lawns and grassy fields; and word KATO notices in Finnish results of harvest. Russian word LUSHAIKA notices grassy areas, and Turkish CAYIR notices a pasture area (cf. Finnish SORJA, SOREA noticing plentiful and Finnish SARJA noticing a series). These words show remarkable similarity indeed; and in Old Hebrew word AHW, pronounced AHU, notices green areas. Certain styles of cultures were more active in pasturing liveforms, and this remarkable similarity of words thus is also historically important in regarding strata of developments of societies and activities. Chinese word HUA is usual for flowers. Flowers are known for their pleasant scents, and thus is here notable German RAUCH for smoke and scents, and the verb RAUCHEN to smoke and to give fumes and odours. Indeed, in Old Hebrew we find the REACH word for scents and aromas (Hebrew RUACH more being for wind breeze generally). Old Hebrew NHH also is word for scents and aromas, and also resembling that HUA word. Thus we also notice in Russian language the word DUHA for smells and scents, and BLAGOYHANIE notices good scents. And in Finnish language the usual noun HAJU notices various odours and scents. (An interesting linguistic detail is found in Old Hebrew, where the PRJ word notices usually fruits and produces of vegetation, and noun PRH is in Old Hebrew usual specifically for flowers; the H is thus interesting here in this discussion of HUA word). Chinese word HU notices river. Apparently we can compare with German FLUSS word for rivers and streams (and German verb fliessen). And similar Finnish word UI (form of verb noticing to swim) is important for HU comparisons. (Such words in Finnish notice various river activities, the UI noticing swimming and UITTO noticing floating; also Chinese YU word for fish here is apparently recalled). Culturally it is also remarkably important that in Turkish language word CAY notices rivers, streams and brooks. And word RUTSEI in Russian language notices streams; this Russian word appears especially near to German FLUSS when changes of L and R letter pronouncing is recognised. The rivers and streams were in older times major traffic connections and thus for those societies and their activities especially important; such similarity of river words thus is historically particularly important. Chinese word HAI notices seas and oceans. Thus we notice WATER in English; especially because the water also notices larger places of waters, geographical places of waters. The WATER is common TEUTONIC word (German Wasser, Swedish vatten and English water and else); in old TEUTONIC were forms of WATAR and WAT usual. Amidst historic slight changes of pronouncing, also WHAI and WHAITH forms are apparently near, importantly for the HAI word comparisons. And in Finnish language the noun VATTA (dialect; formally, VATSA) notices human stomach that is, well known, also place of liquid containing too. We here also refer to the famous Old Greek THALASSA that specifically notices open seas, and this old Greek word indeed starts with the THA, also reminding of HAI word; in comparison esp with LAKKOS. (And in Turkish language notices the word YAGIS raining and snowing and is also connected with waters, although not apparent with seas). Chinese word NAO notices brain. Apparently similar is the Old Greek word NOUS for human comprehension and wisdom, and the famous old Greek noun GNOOSIS for knowledge (of usual Greek verb GIGNOOSKOO, to know). (Greek NAOS is, rather, noticing temples and shrines; places of ancient practises of culture and education). In Russian language are apparently similar the usual verbs ZNAT (to know) and YZNAT (to get to know). These prove remarkable similarities between these Chinese, Russian and Greek words. Discussions concerning knowing and knowing faculty attest remarkably developed abstract thinking in stages of progressing stages of ancient cultures, and thus these similarities are really important. In Finnish language is usual word NAKO but this word usually is more specific for faculty of seeing and observing; but Finnish NAKO words also prove certain developments of considerations of epistemology, such as usual NAHTAVASTI that states probably and also apparently, and NAETTEKOS that means do You comprehend that. And, in Old Hebrew there is the usual BINA word for understanding and faculty of understanding (with that, similar Turkish BEYIN notices brain) also this old Hebrew word shows interesting similarity with Chinese NAO word. (Also, it is here worth noticing that Russian NOS word notices a human NOSE; and in older Swedish is known NOS and older English NOSU; and German NASE and NAS. And in Russian, NOSIT verb notices to carry and to bear, and NOSITEL noun in Russian also notices bearers and a repository; these also are interesting amidst different cultural developments). Chinese word MEI notices every. This is remarkably similar with the ME pronoun in Finnish for WE, and Russian MYI pronoun for WE, thus we especially regard manifestation of every one of our group pronounced in these references to WE in Russian MYI and Finnish ME. (Interesting reference to own group is Turkish word MENSE noticing roots, and place of origins; and in Turkish the word KAMU notices more generally the people and the public). In old Greek language, we prompt recognise the usual word formations with META, that META noticing with, and together. Another detail in old Greek here particularly relevant is the usual MEN…DE that notices in Greek usual expression of alternatives. In old Greek the similar HEEMEN is pronoun for WE, and HUMEN is pronoun for plur.2. These similarities in pronouns in these languages is really interesting detail. (Compare with English WE, German wir and Swedish vi pronouns for plur.1). And it is also interesting that old Hebrew often write pl. 3 pronoun HEM to notice THEY. Such pronouns for WE especially manifest certain symbolic manifestation of THAT GROUP, the pronoun utters certain self comprehension of the group of speaker. Thus it appears remarkably interesting that pronouns for WE in Finnish, Russian and old Greek languages so apparently are similar with Chinese MEI word of every, these pronouns recognising every of us. Chinese word KU notices something bitter. In Finnish language, we find numerous interesting comparisons in words KURJA (wretched), MYRKKY (poison), KYY (poisonous snake) and also KUSI. Remarkably similar there is also the Russian word GORKII that notices bitter; and Russian verb KURIT notices smoking, smoke often being bitter and irritating. Turkish KOTU notices something bad and evil, and CURUK is something unworthy too. German KUMMER are sorrows and problems, and kummern is that verb. In old Greek, thus are notable words OKSUS, KAPNOS and KHUMOS. And in old Hebrew, NGY (nega) are various defects and negative qualities and damages. Similarities of such estimations and descriptions of qualities in these cultures, are indeed interesting cultural character. Chinese word SUAN notices something sour. Usual Finnish words SURU (sorrow) and SURKEA (wretched) also appear similar; and in Russian is SUROVYI word noticing grim and severe. In Turkish, CURUK notices something rotten and decayed; and Finnish language knows word SURMA for death generally, and for assassinations, severe and grim events. And common TEUTONIC is word SOUR, appearing in older English SUR and older German SYR; although the etymological origination of this SOUR word is regarded unclear. Comparison with Chinese SUAN appear important. Chinese word TIAN notices sweet. Such is positive description, and it is worth regarding English EAT (IIT) word; this is common TEUTONIC word; and older English wrote in ETAN forms; in TEUTONIC are various ETA forms usual, found in Swedish ATA verb; the Older TEUTONIC form was ETAN. Also old Hebrew knows of TYM describing something tasty. Chinese word CHUANTONG notices tradition. Finnish language knows similar word KANTO for stump of a tree, and word KIANTO, and word KANTO-LA noticing such larger place. In Turkish, similar COKUNTU word notices wreckages. Notably, in old Hebrew the ZQN ziqne word notices more generally something or someone old and of old age. And in old Greek, the similar word ANTHOS rather, however, notices new buds and new growths. Chinese word DONGSI notices thing. Comparisons of this word involve many difficulties; but the following remarks here can be presented. Stated some more abstract, a thing is a something (Ding an sich); and a thing is something when it appears to others (Erscheinung); but here we avoid too difficult remarks and keep these comparisons simple and straightforward. Especially, no remark is here made concerning epistemic nuances of that Chinese word. We notice that DONGSI word appears similar with famous Greek DOKSA word (in epistemology well defined, noticing appearances and epistemic situation of mere DOKSAZEIN). At least, visual appearance of some-thing is here notable. And in Turkish, word DUS notices dreams and appearances, and TASAVVUR notices imaginations and plans. But in Russian language, word DEISTVIE notices effects and acts. These apparently are apprehensions of some-thing, although slightly differently, apprehensions of effects and acts, or apprehensions of its appearance and apparition (Erscheinung). For the second, Chinese DONGSI is similar with the word THIS. The word THIS is importantly, common TEUTONIC word (THIS, DAS, DIESE, and others) and in old TEUTONIC in forms of DESSE, DESSI. And such older TEUTONIC words notably are similar with such Chinese DONGSI statements. And in Finnish, we find similar word TOSI; and that Finnish word means true and genuine (and more abstract, truth of claims and propositions). (We here make also important remark of history of usual English word THING. This is also one common TEUTONIC word, but the older form is TING in TEUTONIC; and TING was assembly and public council for judicial and deliberative purposes; in TEUTONIC culture the word thus has those quite particular and specific connotations. Ancient Icelandic TINGVILLITH place of millennium old Icelandic parliamentary gatherings, and Norwegian LAG-TING parliament, continuously attest these meanings; and modern German word das Ding has meanings noticing affairs and various matters, also thus belonging to such judicial and communal fields of meaning. This remark was made for the particular help for English speakers when they may consider comparisons with word THING and its older forms and older uses). Chinese word WEN notices to ask questions and inquiries. Similar meaning is found in Finnish word VENTO, there is word VENTO-VIERAS noticing someone unknown and complete stranger. Somewhat similar Swedish word VAN notices also someone else, especially some friend (also noticing verb VANTA in Swedish). In Russian, is similar word VAPROS. Especially important notice is that usual interrogatives in German language are resembling also; interrogatives wer, was, wie, wann, wieso, warum in usual German language (wen sahen Sie?) Many interrogatives in TEUTONIC languages also are much resembling, thus also English who, what, when, why words, and also Swedish forms vem, vad, varfor and others. We thus make important comparison when we recognise that Chinese word WEN notices problems, inquiries and asking questions. It is also of importance that old Hebrew word YNH (pronounced sounds quite similar with that Chinese word WEN) specifically notices making oracle inquiries, and inquiries with prophesies, and thus finding answers. It is thus remarkably important that such words in this vast region consequently notice making inquiries and uttering questions. Chinese word WAI notices otherness, being out, foreign countries and such meanings. Notably, in Finnish the word VAI is word OR (questioning THIS OR THAT, and similar); and Finnish VAIKKA word also notices otherness, noticing even if. In modern Finnish the VAI-NAJA notices deceased person, a profound otherness too. And considering Finnish geography, there is interesting detail that large VANAJA lake effectively establishes division between western coastal region of Finland, and areas east of that lake VANAJA. For Finnish language there is the important detail that wife is in Finnish called VAI-MO; also in this word we can hear notice of the Other. Such language uses attest old historical continuity and thus are of remarkable importance, making comparisons with the usual Chinese WAI word. Also in old Hebrew we may refer to AWON word and AWWA word that often are rendered to notice transgressions and distortion; also such old Hebrew words thus clearly notice situation being something OTHER that what was hoped for, or intended. Chinese WEI word is also usual, noticing someone. Similar word is also in Finnish found, VEIKKO and VEIJO that notice someone; and much resembling Turkish BEY notices Sir, and some gentleman. Almost similar Finnish noun VELI notices brother; and similar words with that are Russian VELIKI noticing grand and great; and Turkish VELI word that notices parents and guardians. Of much interest appears comparing this Chinese WEI with, apparently, English WE pronoun. Importantly, WE pronoun is word common in TEUTONIC languages (German wir, Swedish vi being pronouns of plur.1). Being oft used words, these words have very numerous historical forms and complicated developments; but in main lines, such pronouns are seen to go back to forms WEIS and WEI forms. Comparing such old developments of those WE pronouns, with usual Chinese WEI words, thus, appear of much importance. (Already before, here was Chinese MEI word compared with plural 1 pronoun of Finnish, Russian and Greek parlance). Chinese SHENG word notices body. Remarkably similar word is found in Finnish language, word HENKI that notices a living human being. This Finnish HENKI word appears in many formations, meanings including breath and breathing, individual human; and similar. This is indeed one remarkable similarity between Chinese and Finnish languages. In old Greek language is usual word KSENOS that notices human beings, although usually noticing someone not so well known. Turkish CENE word more specific notices a chin, and jaw (this Turkish form also reminds of old Hebrew SEN word for tooth, and some bone parts; here we find interesting difference because Finnish HENKI and its forms designate human being with regard to breath, but not with regard to bones). Chinese YING notices to win. Thus it is interesting that Finnish language knows word UKKO. This word has many meanings, designating men, usually in positive sense. Historically, UKKO was in Finnish folklore important weather deity and that also reflects meanings of YING noticing winners. From that meaning continuously is in Finnish language UKKO-NEN designating thundering. Usual Finnish word YKKO-NEN also designates the number one and winners; these sayings are actually well comparable with uses of Chinese YING that notice winning. It is also worth noticing that Russian language well recognises such nuances; the verb IGRAT notices doing sports, and Russian verb VYI-IGRAT specially notices winning a contest. Moreover. the TEUTONIC words for winning also appear resembling (English to win, German winnen, Swedish vinna and others). Chinese word SHOU is measure word for poems, and passages of texts. Such words appear to designate educated literates in many parlances in many languages. We really should remember that in older times, literacy was actually quite rare and thus earned specific titles too. This word notices similarity with Russian STIHH word for poetry and also with Russian verb PISAT to write. It appears important to compare this SHOU word also with very usual old Hebrew word HAZA or HAZON for observing, and observations; in Jewish congregations are CHAZZANS, at least, literate cantors, and in older times, also something else too; also they are competent in literacy. Finnish verb KATSO notices seeing and looking at. (And in Turkish, also similar word GOZCU notices observers and watchmen). Old Greek SKO-PEIN and SKO-POS and SKO-PIA are words for observing and viewing. Thus we also regard usual English word SHOW that appears indeed remarkably similar with the Chinese SHOU word. Importantly, the English SHOW word is common TEUTONIC word (German schauen and Schau, Swedish syn and syna and others), and in older times this also meant to look at; and old TEUTONIC root is SKAU. BUT NOW HERE WE NOTICE that indeed, such old TEUTONIC form SKAU is notoriously similar with that Chinese SHOU word. Chinese word LIANG notices a pair, number two, and also notices wheeled vehicles. Notably similar is Finnish word LIIKE and LIIKU noticing moving forwards, and proceeding. Similarity with numeral two is echoed in Finnish LIIKA (is there too much?); also name LIIKA-NEN is of some Finns. Importantly similar appear the famous old Hebrew word for walking and movements, is the HLK or HALAKH. Old Greek verb ERKHOMAI is usual word for coming and going; and for people confusing L and R pronouncing, such usual ERKHOMAI easily become ELKHOMAI, and thus is HLK movement also in this usual old Greek verb easily found! In Russia, we also recognise usual names OLGA and OLEG; and also famous stream VOLGA has name really resembling. LIANG and LIIKE and LIIKU and HALAKH and OLGA and OLEG and VOLGA and ELKHOMAI. And thus appear important comparison the usual English WALK verb. Also such words are in TEUTONIC languages usual; and in old TEUTONIC was usual root WALK that, although older etymology of that WALK root appears with questions. BUT NOW HERE WE NOTICE also in this case, apparently, we do cleverly when we compare with Chinese LIANG movement words. One special notice concerning NUMERALS. We can easily detect remarkable similarity of numerals in Chinese, Russian, German and Finnish languages (considering numerals from one to ten, noticing our decimal mathematics). Importantly, numeracy is actually very educated activity, result of very abstract thinking and numeracy was especially important amongst groups doing commerce and trade, and amongst levels of society organising. Comparing numerals, we thus recognise terms special to specially educated groups of society and thus we learn more evidence from unity of such cultural groups. Numerals are also important evidence for counting for ancient calendar, counting of times and time periods. Thus we list the following details of numbers in order listing Chinese-Russian-German-Finnish numerals, approximately how those sound: YI-ADIIN-EIINZ-YIIKSI (number one CRGF); LIANG-DVAA-ZWAA-KAAXI (number two CRGF); SII-TSIITIR-FIIR (number four CRG); WUU-WUUNF-VIISI (five CGF); LIU-KUUSI (number six where Chinese and Finnish are nearer); QII-SIIM-SIIBEN-SIITSEMA (seven; close similarity of all especially here IS notorious and may also notice calendrical questions to for counting of time periods); BAA-VAASIIM-AACT-KAAHDEXA (eight CRGF); QIU-NUUI-UUHDEXA (CGF nine; it IS notable that German numeral neun is in German language similar with neu, neues, New); SHII-DESHIIT-ZHIIN-KSIIMME (ten CRGF). Thus linguistically evidenced clear similarities of counting systems ARE important in regarding questions what sort of society organisation was realising organised society in these large areas. We can now here present important CONCLUSION: notoriously many common TEUTONIC words appear to have very close parallel in usual Chinese words; apparently, notoriously many common TEUTONIC words appear to be historically cultural developments from Chinese! Many TEUTONIC words are in western areas continuously living continuations of earlier much from Chinese culture informed cultural forms and words. Regarding the earlier history of this large continent, this result appears have very understandable motivations in relatively recent larger arrivals from eastern Asia regions toward Europe. Even a millennium of history involves in human society only small number of generations of people, so that language developments do show quite much stability even over time period of millennium. In TEUTONIC cultures, we are thus apparently surprisingly much using words and cultural concepts based on Chinese language and culture! It is just important to really recognise this remarkable cultural reality, that much of Chinese language and cultural words actually are well living in modern TEUTONIC languages! And the somewhat archaic Finnish language in notoriously many words, appears actually being sort of dialect of Chinese language. HERE IS THIS STUDY CONCLUDED.